Do infected cells undergo apoptosis?

Cells are induced to undergo apoptosis upon infection with a number of viruses, and this process inactivates the cellular machineries for gene expression and proliferation, which are required by invading viruses to produce their progeny in infected cells.

Are interferons produced by infected cells?

Type I interferon (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta) is secreted by virus-infected cells while type II, immune or gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) is mainly secreted by T cells, natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages.

Do interferons protect infected cells?

Interferons are named for their ability to “interfere” with viral replication by protecting cells from virus infections.

How do interferons cause apoptosis?

IFN-α causes the activation of the ERK1/2 and JNK pathways culminating in apoptosis via the mitochondrial-dependent death pathway and involving the activation of proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members Bax and Bak.

How apoptosis is induced in the cell?

Induction of apoptosis. Intrinsic apoptosis is activated by internal DNA damage within the cell. Potential causes of this DNA damage are UV light and reactive oxygen species. Extrinsic apoptosis is activated by binding of ligands to “death receptors”.

Which cells induce apoptosis in cells infected virus?

Viral proteins that induce apoptosis HIV-1 kills CD4-expressing primarily infected cells, such as CD4+ T helper cells, T lymphocytes, monocytes and dendritic cells as well as bystander cells through cell-exposed proteins (such as Env) or secreted proteins (including Vpr, Tat, Nef, Vpu, Vif and the viral protease) [49].

What are interferons produced by?

Interferons (IFNs) are secreted glycoproteins that are produced by cells in response to virus infection and other stimuli and induce an antiviral state in cells bearing IFN receptors.

How are interferons induced?

Interferons are a group of small proteins that play key roles in host antiviral innate immunity. Their induction mainly relies on host pattern recognition receptors (PRR). Host PRR for RNA viruses include Toll-like receptors (TLR) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) like receptors (RLR).

How do interferons protect against disease?

Interferons are proteins that are part of your natural defenses. They tell your immune system that germs or cancer cells are in your body. And they trigger killer immune cells to fight those invaders. Interferons got their name because they “interfere” with viruses and keep them from multiplying.

Is interferon alpha involved in apoptosis?

We and others have previously shown that IFNα can induce a cytotoxic effect in primary tumour cells and also acts as a potent inducer of apoptosis in some malignant cell lines.

Is interferon gamma a proinflammatory cytokine?

IFN-γ is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in Th1-driven immune responses.