What are the Bradford Hill causal criteria?
Sir Austin Bradford Hill proposed criteria to establish such an argument. These criteria include the strength of the association, consistency, specificity, temporal sequence, biological gradient, biologic rationale, coherence, experimental evidence, and analogous evidence.
What is a biological gradient in epidemiology?
Biological gradient – Changes in the intensity of the exposure results in a change in the severity or risk of the outcome (i.e. a dose-response relationship).
What is the wheel model of causation?
Wheel of disease causation: This was proposed by Mausner and Kramer in 1985. It eliminates the agent as a sole cause of disease, but emphasizes the complex interaction of physical, biological, and social environments. It also introduces genetics into the mix.
What are the criteria for causation?
Causality
- Plausibility (reasonable pathway to link outcome to exposure)
- Consistency (same results if repeat in different time, place person)
- Temporality (exposure precedes outcome)
- Strength (with or without a dose response relationship)
- Specificity (causal factor relates only to the outcome in question – not often)
What are the 3 necessary criteria for causation?
The first three criteria are generally considered as requirements for identifying a causal effect: (1) empirical association, (2) temporal priority of the indepen- dent variable, and (3) nonspuriousness. You must establish these three to claim a causal relationship.
What are models of disease causation?
Causation. A number of models of disease causation have been proposed. Among the simplest of these is the epidemiologic triad or triangle, the traditional model for infectious disease. The triad consists of an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together.
What are factors of disease causation?
Factors of disease causation These are age, sex and previous illnesses. Enabling factors are those which assist in the development of (or in recovery from) the disease; e.g. housing conditions, socio-economic status.
How do you determine causation?
Causation means that one event causes another event to occur. Causation can only be determined from an appropriately designed experiment. In such experiments, similar groups receive different treatments, and the outcomes of each group are studied.
What are the criteria for making a causal inference?
9. Criteria for Causal Association Bradford Hill’s criteria for making causal inferences- 1.Strength of association 2.Dose-Response relationship 3.Lack of temporal ambiguity 4.Consistency of findings 5.Biologic plausibility 6.Coherence of evidence 7.Specificity of association
Which is the best definition of disease causation?
2. Disease Causation A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury. A disease is a particular abnormal, pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism.
What does who mean in terms of causality?
WHO causality definitions. CERTAIN A clinical event, including laboratory test abnormality, occurring in a plausible time relationship to drug administration, and which cannot be explained by concurrent disease or other drugs or chemicals.
When does an association prove a causal relationship?
Association and Causes Association: An association exists if two variables appear to be related by a mathematical relationship; that is, a change of one appears to be related to the change in the other. Association is necessary for a causal relationship to exist but association alone does not prove that a causal relationship exists.
