How does IL 17 drive inflammation in the rheumatoid joint?
IL-17 promotes recruitment of both neutrophils and monocytes by means of inducing various chemokines (37), which can in turn mediate inflammation in RA. However, studies have been reported suggesting that Th1 cells may be more important than Th17 cells (39).
What cells are targeted by rheumatoid arthritis?
In RA, the B-cells and macrophages which are the APCs present arthritis-associated antigens to T-cells and activate the signaling cascades to secrete cytokines [57].
What cytokines are involved in rheumatoid arthritis?
Two key pro-inflammatory cytokines in RA are IL-1 and TNFα. Regulation of these cytokines is of crucial importance in the RA disease. First data of clinical trials showed efficacy, however, revealed also that blockade of these cytokines did not fully control the arthritis in all patients.
What does RA do to cartilage?
In rheumatoid arthritis, the body’s immune system attacks the lining of the joint capsule, a tough membrane that encloses all the joint parts. This lining (synovial membrane) becomes inflamed and swollen. The disease process can eventually destroy cartilage and bone within the joint.
Does rheumatoid arthritis affect T cells?
In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), T cells infiltrate into the synovial membrane where they initiate and maintain activation of macrophages and synovial fibroblasts, transforming them into tissue-destructive effector cells.
What happens to the cells in rheumatoid arthritis?
In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), immune cells mistakenly attack tissues lining the joints. This can lead to stiffness, swelling, pain, and disability. More than a million people nationwide live with RA. Existing drugs can slow the progression of the disease in some people.
What are the dominant cytokines in early rheumatoid arthritis?
These include increased pro-inflammatory examples (TNF, IL-6, IL-1β and/or IL-1RA, GM-CSF) as well as IL-4, IL-12, IL-17 and the eosinophil chemotactic chemokine, eotaxin (Table 1).
Why Do cytokines cause joint pain?
Osteoarthritis is a chronic and painful disease of synovial joints. Osteoarthritic joint tissues produce and respond to cytokines and chemokines. Cytokines promote joint destruction and directly activate innervating nociceptors.
Does RA damage the cartilage?
Cartilage is largely considered a target tissue in RA, which becomes damaged as a result of the inflamed and hyperplastic synovial membrane, which is itself caused by the manifestation of systemic autoimmunity in articular joints.
What is the diagnostic criteria for rheumatoid arthritis?
The diagnosis of RA can be made in a patient with inflammatory arthritis involving three or more joints, positive RF and/or anti-citrullinated peptide/protein antibody, disease duration of more than six weeks, and elevated CRP or ESR, but without evidence of diseases with similar clinical features.
What do B cells do in rheumatoid arthritis?
B lymphocytes play several critical roles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. They are the source of the rheumatoid factors and anticitrullinated protein antibodies, which contribute to immune complex formation and complement activation in the joints.
What is tcell?
T cell, also called T lymphocyte, type of leukocyte (white blood cell) that is an essential part of the immune system. T cells are one of two primary types of lymphocytes—B cells being the second type—that determine the specificity of immune response to antigens (foreign substances) in the body.
